Neurogastronomy: How the Brain Creates Flavor and Why It Matters
Neurogastronomy: How the Brain Creates Flavor and Why It Matters
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Abstract
This book embarks on a paradigm-shifting trip through the “human brain flavor system,” laying the foundations for a new scientific field: neurogastronomy. Challenging the belief that the sense of smell diminished during human evolution, the book argues that this sense, which constitutes the main component of flavor, is far more powerful and essential than previously believed. The book begins Neurogastronomy with the mechanics of smell, particularly the way it stimulates the nose from the back of the mouth. As we eat, the brain conceptualizes smells as spatial patterns, and from these and the other senses it constructs the perception of flavor. The book then considers the impact of the flavor system on contemporary social, behavioral, and medical issues. It analyzes flavor's engagement with the brain regions that control emotion, food preferences, and cravings, and the text even devotes a section to food's role in drug addiction and, building on Marcel Proust's iconic tale of the madeleine, its ability to evoke deep memories. The book connects his research to trends in nutrition, dieting, and obesity, especially the challenges that many face in eating healthily. The book concludes with human perceptions of smell and flavor and their relationship to the neural basis of consciousness.
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Front Matter
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Introduction
Retronasal Smell and the New Age of Flavor
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Part I Noses and Smells
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Part II Making Pictures of Smells
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Five
Smell Receptors for Smell Molecules
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Six
Forming a Sensory Image
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Seven
Images of Smell: An “Aha” Moment
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Eight
A Smell Is Like a Face
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Nine
Pointillist Images of Smell
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Ten
Enhancing the Image
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Eleven
Creating, Learning, and Remembering Smell
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Five
Smell Receptors for Smell Molecules
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Part III Creating Flavor
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Twelve
Smell and Flavor
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Thirteen
Taste and Flavor
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Fourteen
Mouth-Sense and Flavor
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Fifteen
Seeing and Flavor
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Sixteen
Hearing and Flavor
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Seventeen
The Muscles of Flavor
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Eighteen
Putting It Together: The Human Brain Flavor System
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twelve
Smell and Flavor
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Part IV Why It Matters
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Nineteen
Flavor and Emotions
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty
Flavor and Memory: Reinterpreting Proust
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty-One
Flavor and Obesity
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty-Two
Decisions and the Neuroeconomics of Flavor and Nutrition
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty-Three
Plasticity in the Human Brain: Flavor System
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty-Four
Smell, Flavor, and Language
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty-Five
Smell, Flavor, and Consciousness
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty-Six
Smell and Flavor in Human Evolution
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Twenty-Seven
Why Flavor Matters
Gordon M. Shepherd
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Nineteen
Flavor and Emotions
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End Matter
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